Kratom: A Hidden Risk in Plain Sight?

by Jon Scaccia July 29, 2024

Kratom, a tropical plant native to Southeast Asia, has been used for centuries for its stimulant and opioid-like properties. It’s gaining popularity in the West, raising concerns about its potential for addiction and health risks. Understanding kratom’s effects, dangers, and the need for informed healthcare practices is crucial in today’s world.

What is Kratom?

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tree-like herb closely related to the coffee plant. Traditionally, people in countries like Thailand, Malaysia, and Myanmar have used kratom leaves for various purposes, from pain relief to boosting energy and mood. The leaves can be chewed, brewed into tea, or ground into a powder for consumption.

In recent years, kratom has found its way into Western markets, often marketed as a natural supplement for pain relief, anxiety reduction, and even as an aid for opioid withdrawal. However, its unregulated status and rising popularity have sparked significant concern among healthcare professionals and public health advocates.

The Growing Use of Kratom

The use of kratom has been on the rise in the United States and Europe. In the U.S., poison control centers have reported a sharp increase in calls related to kratom ingestion. A recent estimate suggests that between 3 to 5 million Americans may be using kratom. This growing trend is alarming because of the potential risks associated with its use.

Why People Turn to Kratom

Many individuals turn to kratom as a substitute for opioids, seeking relief from chronic pain or attempting to manage opioid withdrawal symptoms. Kratom is often perceived as a safer, legal alternative to prescription opioids. However, this perception can be misleading, as kratom itself carries significant risks.

The Pharmacology of Kratom

Kratom contains several psychoactive compounds, with mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine being the most notable. These compounds interact with opioid receptors in the brain, producing effects similar to opioids like morphine. Mitragynine, the primary active ingredient, acts as a partial agonist at opioid receptors, meaning it can produce pain relief and euphoria, but to a lesser extent than traditional opioids.

However, 7-hydroxymitragynine, a metabolite of mitragynine, is far more potent and acts similarly to strong opioids. This dual action of kratom’s compounds can lead to a complex mix of stimulant and opioid-like effects, making it both appealing and dangerous to users.

Potential for Addiction and Dependence

Kratom’s ability to mimic the effects of opioids raises serious concerns about its potential for addiction and dependence. Users may start using kratom for its perceived benefits, but over time, they can develop tolerance and dependence, similar to traditional opioids. Withdrawal symptoms from kratom can include nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, and irritability, making it challenging for individuals to quit.

Health Risks and Toxicity

One of the most concerning aspects of kratom is its potential for toxicity and adverse health effects. While some users may experience mild side effects like nausea and dizziness, others can face more severe consequences. High doses of kratom can lead to serious health issues, including seizures, liver damage, and even death.

Unregulated and Unpredictable

Kratom’s status as an unregulated supplement means that its safety and quality are not guaranteed. Commercial kratom products can vary widely in their potency and purity. Some products have been found to contain harmful contaminants, such as heavy metals or synthetic drugs, further increasing the risk to users.

The Role of Healthcare Providers

As kratom use continues to rise, it’s crucial for healthcare providers to be informed about its effects and risks. Medical professionals should be prepared to recognize and manage cases of kratom toxicity and withdrawal. Educating patients about the potential dangers of kratom and offering support for those struggling with dependence is essential.

A Public Health Perspective

From a public health standpoint, the increasing prevalence of kratom use represents a growing challenge. Efforts to regulate and control kratom’s availability are necessary to protect public health. At the same time, more research is needed to fully understand kratom’s pharmacology and its long-term effects on health.

What do you think? Let us know in the comments!

1. Have you or someone you know used kratom? What was your experience with its effects and any potential side effects?
2. What measures do you think should be taken to regulate kratom and ensure its safety for consumers?

Conclusion

Kratom’s rise in popularity as a natural supplement masks its potential dangers. While it may offer temporary relief for some, the risks of addiction, toxicity, and unpredictable side effects make it a significant public health concern. Both healthcare providers and the public need to be aware of these risks and work together to address the challenges posed by kratom.

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Dr. Jonathan P. Scaccia, PhD, is a clinical-community psychologist with expertise in public health science and practice. He has led evaluation and research initiatives focusing on health equity, vaccine distribution, and organizational readiness. Dr. Scaccia has contributed to federal suicide prevention programs and vaccine equity strategies. He has been recognized for his impactful work and is a leading voice in advancing public health practices.